Work- Principle of microbiology

[Diveristy of archaea.]

Euryarchaeota:  An archaeal phylum encompassing methanogens, extreme halophiles, thermoplasmas and hyperhermophilies as well as groups growing at ' ordinary environments'. The name of the phylum means ' a broad group of archaea'.

Crenarchaeota: An archaeal phylum including the most thermophilic groups. Many strains are found in terrestrial or submarine volcanic habitats, and the name of the phylum means ' archaea from hot sprins'. Now includes groups growing at mesophilic or psychrophilic environments.

Bacteriorhodopsin: A membrane protein found in extremely halophilic archaea that functions as light driven proton pump and thus gerating proton gradient across the cell membrane, which is used for ATP synthesis.

Methanogen: Organisms capable of methane production through the outcome of anaerobic respiration. Carbon dioxide is used as the electron acceptor. All of the organisms having this type of metabolism belong to archaea.

Tetraether lipid monolayer: Thermoplasmas lack cell walls, but evolved unique cytoplasmic membrane sstructure to maintain positive osmotic pressure and tolerate high temperature and low pH levels. Their cell membranes contain lipopolysaccaride-like material(lipoglycan) consisting of.

* common traits of all Archaea.
Ether- linked lipids, a lack of peptidoglycan in cell walls./ structurally complex RNA polymerases similar to those of Eukarya.

Methanopyrus: a hyperthermophilic and methanogenic genus containing unique membrane lipids called geranylgeraniol.

Thaumarchaeota: An archaeal phylum primarily consisting of aerobic, ammonia-oxidizing chemolithotrophic groups such as Nitrosopumilus and Nitrosophaera.

Nanoarchaeum: An archaeal genus which is an obligate symbiont of Ignicoccus, another archaeal genus. One of the smallest cellular organisms, and contains very small genomes that lack genes for all but core molecular processes. Depends upon host for most of its cellular needs.

Sulfolobus: An archaeal genus belonging to Crenarchaeota, which is found in sulfur-rich acidic hot springs, and grows by aerobic chemolithotrophic metabolism that oxidizes reduced sulfur or iron. The name of the genus came from the lobe-shaped cells.

Desulforococcus: A strictly anaerobic, sulfur-reducing archaeal genus belonging to Crenarchaeota. The name of the genus means sulfur-reducing coccus.

Thermosome: A major chaperonin protein complex found hyperthermophilic archaea such as Pyrodictium.

Reverse DNA gyrase: The enzyme found in hyperthermophilic archaea., which introduces positive supercoils into DNA, thus stabilizing the DNA.