[Proteobacteria]
1. Proteobacteria: Protean group of bacteria of diverse properties despite a common ancestry. Incluses many of the most commonly encountered Gram negative bacteria such as Rhizobium, Pseudomans and Escherichia. (largest and most metabolically diverse phylum, divided into six classes.)
Protean: taking on different forms
2. Rhizobium: Plant associated bacterial genus forming root nodules in legume plants. Taxonomically belongs to Alphaproteobacteria(oligotrophic: grow under low nutrient concentration)
Rhizo: root/ Rhizobia: fix nitrogen
Alphaproteobacteria:oligotrophic (grow under low nutrient concentration), six major orders(Rhizobiales, Rickettsiales, Rhodobacterales, Rhodospirillales, Caulobacterales, and Sphingomonadales) * -ales: suffix for order.
3. Rickettsia: Alphaproteobacterial genus, mostly obligate intracellular parasites and causative agents of human diseases such as typhus and Rocky Mountain Fever.
4. Hyphomicroibium: Alphaproteobacterial genus that is chemoorganotrophic, forms single hypha from parent cell, and reproduces by budding.
Hypha: long filamentous branches
Chemoorganotrophic: Organisms that conserve envergy from chemicals are called chemotrophs and those atha use organic chemicals are called chemoorganotrophs.
5. Caulobacter: Alphaproteobacterial genus that is chemoorganotrophic, produces cytoplasm-filled stalk. In aquatic environment, several cells may attach to form 'rosettes'. A model system for cell division and development due to unequal cell division.
Rosettes: a rose-like marking ofr formation found on the fur and skin of some animals.
6. Prosthecae: Various kinds of cytoplasmic extrusions bounded by a cell wall, mainly found among members of Alphaproteobactria.
Cytoplasmic extrusion: Sperm plasma membrane is remodeled.
7. Magnetospirillum: Spiral shaped, chemoorganotrophic alphaproteobacterial genus showing magnetotaxis(directed movement ina magnetic field)
8. Burkholderia: The genus includes diverse species orf chemoorganotrophs with strictly respiratory metabolism. All species can grow aerobiacally, some also grow aneorbically with nitrate as the electron acceptor, and many strains are able to fix N2.
Electron acceptor: a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. It is an oxidizing agent that is itself reduced in the process.
9. Rhodocyclus: Like most purple nonsulfur bacteria, this species grow best as a photoheterotrophs but most can also grow as photoautotrohs with H2 as elecctron acceptor. Species can also grow by respiration in darkness, but they are typically found in illuminated anoxic environments where organic matter is present.
Photogrophs: Organismas that carry out photosynthesis/ Autotrophs: Photosynthetic organisms are capable orf growing with CO2 as the sole carbon source.
Photoheterotrophs: Phtotrophs can use organic carbon as their carbon source
10. Zoogloea: It is another important genus of the Rhodocyclales. This species are aerobic chemoorganotrophs that are distinctive for producing a thick gelatinous capusle which binds cells together into a complex matrix with brinching, fingerlike projections. Also it is important in aerobic wastewater treatment., causing flocculation(settling out of solution)
11. Neisseria: Betaproteobacterial genus, frequently isolated form animals. Some species are pathogenic, including gonorrhea.
12. Hydorgenophilus: Obligate aerobe that can grow as a chemolithotroph using H2 as an electron donor for respiration and the Calvin cycle to fix CO2. This species is a facultative chemolithotroph and can also grow as a chemoorganotroph on simple carbon sources.
Chemolithotroph: it is able to use inorganic reduced compunds as electron sources.
Faculative aerobes: not required but growth better with O2.
13. Thiobacillus: Chemolithotrophic species of sulfur bacteria that oxidize reduced sulfur compounds as electron donors and grow by aerobic respiration or denitrification.
Denitrification: Nitrate(NO3-) or Nitrite is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen(N2).
Sulfur bacteria: Many gram negative bacteria and archaea oxidize reduced sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide(H2S). The oxidation of sulfide generates electrons for use in energy metabolism(chemolithotrophy) or CO2 fixation(autotrophy).
14. Leptothrix: Filamentous betaproteobacterial genus forming sheath. Nutritionally versatile, being able to use organic compounds. Ferrous iron precipitates on sheath.
15. Enteric bacteria are a group of gammaproteobacterial genera, and can be divided into two groups according to the prodcution of end products from sugar fermentation. Mixed-acid fermenters and 2,3-buatnediol fermenters.
16. Escherichia: Species play a nutritional role in the intestinal tract by synthesizing vitamins, particularly vitamin K. As a facultative aerobe, this organism probably also helps consume O2, thus rendering the large intestine anoxic.
Anoxic: depleted of dissolved oxygen
17. Salmonella: Species are alomost always pathogenic, either to humans or to other worm-blooded animals. In humans the most common disease cuased by almonellas are typhoid fever and gastroenteritis.
18. Shigella: Species are typically pathogenic to humans, causing a rather severe gastroenteritis called bacillary dysentery, transmitted by food and water borne routes. The bacterium, which contains endotoxin, invades intestinal epithelial cells, where it excretes a neurotoxin that causes acute gastrointestinal distress.
19. Proteus: A genus of enteric bacteria that is higly motile and capable of swarming. Frequent cause of urinary tract infections in humbans.
20. Enterobacter: Species are a common species in water and sewage as well as the intestinal ract of warm-blooded animals and is an occasional cause of urinary tract infections.
21. Klebsiella: Most commonly found in soil and water and also fix nitrogen, a property not charcteristic of other enteric bacteria.
22. Serratia: Enteric bacterial genus including prodigiosin producers. some may cause infection.
Prodigiosin: red pigment produced by many strains of the bacterium Serratia marcescens.
23. Pseudomonas: Gammaproteobacterial genus found in a wide variety of environment. Capable of utilizing a wide range of organic compounds. The name of the genus literally means a 'false unit'.
24. Vibrio: Motile, curved rod shaped gammaproteobacterial genus. Includes pathogenic species causing cholra etc, and mostly inhabiting marine environment. Some are capable of light production called bioluminescence.
25. Bdellovibiro: Deltaproteobacterial genus preying on other Gram negative bacteria. Obligate aerobic, and highly motile. Widespread in soil and water.
26. Myxobacteria: Deltaproteobacterial genus forming multicellular structures and also capable of gliding movement. Shows complex develpmental life cycles. Lifestyle includes consumption of dead organic matter or other bacterial cells.
27. Pylori: Epsilonproteobacterial genus inhabiting the lining of upper gastrointestinal(GI) tract and liver. Known to be present in up to 50% of human populations, also most infected people show no obvious symptons.
28. Wolinella: An anaerobic bacterium isolated from the bovine rumen. Unlike other Epsilonproteobacteria, grows best as an anaerobe and can catalyze anaerobic respirations using fumarate or nitrate as electron acceptors with H2 or formate as electron donors.
Michael T. Madian, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew Sattley, David A. Stahl. Brock Biology of Microorganisms(15th edition).(2017) Pearson.
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